Evaluating China Energy Engineering Shares Amid Strong 61% Rally and Recent Price DropSep 9, 2025
If you have been keeping an eye on China Energy Engineering's stock, you are likely asking yourself whether it is finally time to buy, hold, or take some profits. With big names in sectors like infrastructure and green energy surging lately, the company’s recent price movements have made a few heads turn. After a flat week at 0.0%, some might have shrugged off further momentum. But that would miss the bigger picture. In the last month, shares have slipped by -10.5%, but step back and you will see a different story: the stock is up a striking 21.4% year-to-date and an even more impressive 61.0% over the last 12 months. If you zoom out to the past five years, returns hit a remarkable 97.4%. Such long-term strength points to underlying conviction from the market, possibly influenced by strong demand for energy transition projects and major state-driven infrastructure investments in China.
Given these numbers, the real question is not what the stock just did, but whether it remains undervalued or if the crowd has already priced in its future potential. That is where our valuation score comes in: by checking six major signs of undervaluation, China Energy Engineering clocks in at 3 out of 6. So, the company looks undervalued on half the metrics we consider key. But which methods matter most, and what is the smarter way to value a business like this? Let us break down each approach and, towards the end, explore a superior way to look at valuation that might change your perspective entirely.
China Energy Engineering delivered 61.0% returns over the last year. See how this stacks up to the rest of the Construction industry.
Approach 1: China Energy Engineering Dividend Discount Model (DDM) Analysis
The Dividend Discount Model (DDM) estimates a stock's intrinsic value by projecting annual dividend payments and growing them (or shrinking them) based on the company’s long-term prospects, then discounting those future payments back to today’s value. This model is best suited for companies where dividend sustainability and growth are crucial to the investment case.
For China Energy Engineering, the latest annual dividend per share is CN¥0.03. However, the company’s dividend payout ratio stands extremely high at 119.94%, which indicates the business is paying out more to shareholders than it earns. Return on equity is reported at 6.19%, but with a negative projected dividend growth rate of -1.23%, recurring dividends are unlikely to meaningfully grow in coming years. These inputs, combined using the DDM methodology, suggest future dividends could stagnate or potentially decrease if financial performance does not improve.
Story Continues
Based on these projections, the DDM estimates an intrinsic fair value of CN¥0.32 per share, which is significantly below the current market price. The model implies China Energy Engineering is overvalued by 275.0% using this approach, which may serve as a warning signal for income-focused investors.
Result: OVERVALUED
Head to the Valuation section of our Company Report for more details on how we arrive at this Fair Value for China Energy Engineering.3996 Discounted Cash Flow as at Sep 2025
Our Dividend Discount Model (DDM) analysis suggests China Energy Engineering may be overvalued by 275.0%. Find undervalued stocks or create your own screener to find better value opportunities.
Approach 2: China Energy Engineering Price vs Earnings
For companies like China Energy Engineering that are currently profitable, the Price-to-Earnings (PE) ratio is a time-tested metric for valuation. The PE ratio compares the company’s share price to its earnings per share, providing a quick sense of how much the market is willing to pay for each unit of earnings. Growth expectations, perceived risk, and industry trends all play a role in determining what a “normal” or “fair” PE should be. Fast-growing companies or those in booming industries often command higher PE ratios, while those facing uncertainty or shrinking prospects trade at lower multiples.
China Energy Engineering is currently trading at a PE ratio of 5.39x. This is noticeably below the Construction industry average of 10.79x and also lags the peer average of 7.76x. On the surface, this suggests the stock might be valued more conservatively by the market than many of its peers or the sector overall. However, to get a fuller picture, it is helpful to look at Simply Wall St’s Fair Ratio, a proprietary benchmark that takes into account not just industry and peer comparisons, but also the company’s specific earnings growth outlook, profit margins, risks, and overall market capitalization.
The Fair Ratio for China Energy Engineering stands at 11.67x, which is over twice the company’s current PE. This makes the Fair Ratio a more informed benchmark, as it blends key variables that can change the investment narrative, particularly those not captured by simple peer or industry averages. Because the company’s actual PE ratio is well below the Fair Ratio, this suggests that the stock may be undervalued at current levels and could have some catching up to do if fundamentals remain stable.
Result: UNDERVALUEDSEHK:3996 PE Ratio as at Sep 2025
PE ratios tell one story, but what if the real opportunity lies elsewhere? Discover companies where insiders are betting big on explosive growth.
Upgrade Your Decision Making: Choose your China Energy Engineering Narrative
Earlier we mentioned that there is an even better way to understand valuation. Let us introduce you to Narratives. A Narrative is your story behind the numbers, where you connect your own perspective about China Energy Engineering to a financial forecast and ultimately a fair value for the stock. This approach lets you go beyond traditional ratios, allowing you to map business trends, industry shifts, and personal expectations directly into your investment decisions.
Narratives don’t just add context; they give structure by linking the company’s story, your favorite estimates (like future revenue or margin), and your view of what the stock is truly worth. On Simply Wall St’s Community page, used by millions of investors, anyone can create and adjust their own Narrative, making this a simple and accessible tool for both new and experienced investors. Narratives update dynamically as new information appears, so your valuation stays relevant when news breaks or fresh results are announced. By comparing your Narrative’s Fair Value to the current Price, you can more confidently decide whether to buy, hold, or sell.
For example, on China Energy Engineering, some investors’ Narratives forecast a very high fair value based on optimism for renewable infrastructure; others project a much lower value due to doubts about earnings growth.
Do you think there's more to the story for China Energy Engineering? Create your own Narrative to let the Community know!SEHK:3996 Earnings & Revenue History as at Sep 2025
This article by Simply Wall St is general in nature. We provide commentary based on historical data and analyst forecasts only using an unbiased methodology and our articles are not intended to be financial advice. It does not constitute a recommendation to buy or sell any stock, and does not take account of your objectives, or your financial situation. We aim to bring you long-term focused analysis driven by fundamental data. Note that our analysis may not factor in the latest price-sensitive company announcements or qualitative material. Simply Wall St has no position in any stocks mentioned.
Companies discussed in this article include 3996.HK.
Have feedback on this article? Concerned about the content? Get in touch with us directly. Alternatively, email editorial-team@simplywallst.com
View Comments
Hainan State Farms Investment Hldg Grp Co Ltd -- Moody's announces completion of a periodic review for a group of Construction, Gaming, Natural Products Processor and Other issuers in AsiaMar 22, 2022
Announcement of Periodic Review: Moody's announces completion of a periodic review for a group of Construction, Gaming, Natural Products Processor and Other issuers in AsiaGlobal Credit Research - 22 Mar 2022New York, March 22, 2022 -- Moody's Investors Service ("Moody's") has completed a periodic review of the ratings -and other ratings that are associated with the same analytical units for the rated (entities) listed below.The review was conducted through a portfolio review discussion held on 15 March 2022 in which Moody's reassessed the appropriateness of the ratings in the context of the relevant principal methodology(ies), recent developments, and a comparison of the financial and operating profile to similarly rated peers. A possible outcome from periodic reviews is a referral of a rating to a rating committee."IMPORTANT NOTICE: MOODY'S RATINGS AND PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT INTENDED FOR USE BY RETAIL INVESTORS. SUCH USE WOULD BE RECKLESS AND INAPPROPRIATE. SEE FULL DISCLAIMERS BELOW."This publication does not announce a credit rating action and is not an indication of whether or not a credit rating action is likely in the near future. Credit ratings and outlook/review status cannot be changed in a portfolio review and hence are not impacted by this announcement.Key Rating ConsiderationsThe principal methodology used for these rated entities was Construction published in September 2021. Please see the Rating Methodologies page on www.moodys.com for a copy of this methodology.Key rating considerations on a forward-looking basis may include but are not limited to the following summarized below.ConstructionScale: Scale is an indicator of a company's market strength, importance to markets served and ability to weather the vagaries of capital and economic cycles. Scale can also provide a broader platform for sustainable earnings and cash flow generation and typically enhances a construction company's operating and financial flexibility and its ability to bid, finance and profitably execute large, long-term, and complex projects. Large construction companies can accommodate a broad range of construction needs since they typically maintain a sizeable network of subcontractors and obtain various sources of financing, including bonding lines, which are key competitive advantages in the industry. In addition, scale in the construction industry often has a bearing on other key considerations such as geographic and segment diversity. Total revenue and EBITA are indicators of scale.Business Profile: The business profile of a construction company influences its ability to generate sustainable earnings and operating cash flows. Diversification across several continents or economic regions and exposure to a number of uncorrelated segments can mitigate earnings volatility, which can be affected by cyclical swings, changing levels of competition and project performance. Consideration is given to operational and geographic diversity, technical capabilities, track record of project execution, and stability of revenues and margins.Leverage and Coverage: Leverage and coverage measures are indicators of a company's financial flexibility and long-term viability. These measures can serve as an indicator of a greater ability to make new investments, weather the vagaries of the business cycle and respond to unexpected challenges, which often occur in the construction industry given the periodic performance issues that arise. Some measures of leverage and coverage include: EBITA / Interest Expense, Debt / EBITDA, and Funds from Operations / Debt.Financial Policy: Management and board tolerance for financial risk is considered because it directly affects debt levels, credit quality, and the risk of adverse changes in financing and capital structure. Our assessment of financial policies includes the perceived tolerance of a company's governing board and management for financial risk and the future direction for the company's capital structure. Considerations can include a company's public commitments in this area, its track record for adhering to commitments, and our views on the ability for the company to achieve its targets.Other Considerations: Some other considerations may include: financial controls and the quality of financial reporting; corporate legal structure; the quality and experience of management; assessments of corporate governance as well as environmental and social considerations; exposure to uncertain licensing regimes; and possible government interference in some countries. Regulatory, litigation, liquidity, technology, and reputational risk as well as changes to consumer and business spending patterns, competitor strategies and macroeconomic trends can also be considered. China Communications Construction Co., Ltd. China Energy Engineering Corporation Limited China Gezhouba Group Company Limited China Gezhouba Group Corporation China Metallurgical Group Corporation China Railway Construction Corp Ltd China Railway Group Limited China State Construction Engineering Corp Ltd China State Construction Int'l Holdings Ltd CIMIC Group Limited KEPCO Engineering & Construction Co, Inc. Metallurgical Corporation of China Ltd. Power Construction Corporation of China Shanghai Construction Group Co., Ltd. SINOPEC Engineering (Group) Co., Ltd. Ventia Services Group LimitedThe principal methodology used for these rated entities was Government-Related Issuers Methodology published in February 2020. Please see the Rating Methodologies page on www.moodys.com for a copy of this methodology.Key rating considerations on a forward-looking basis may include but are not limited to the following summarized below.Government-Related Issuers MethodologyAssigning a Baseline Credit Assessment (BCA): The majority of Government-Related Issuers (GRIs) begin with an assessment of the GRI's standalone strength (i.e. BCA) its ability to service and repay outstanding debt without recourse to extraordinary support from the supporting government - using the published sector-specific methodology that is most suitable for the predominant activities of the GRI. Our assessment of standalone strength includes any day-to-day support received from the government that can be clearly distinguished from extraordinary support. Support mechanisms, such as an obligation of the government to ensure the GRI's solvency and liquidity, are reflected in the BCA when they are legally or contractually documented.Government uplift: The GRI's ratings include any uplift due to systemic support and typically focus on three structural factors and three factors explaining the level of the government's willingness to provide support. Structural factors address the legal and quasi-legal aspects of the government's relationship with the GRI and include: (1) guarantees, (2) ownership level and (3) barriers to support. The factors underlying willingness consider the softer connections between the two entities and include (4) the likelihood of government intervention, (5) political linkages and (6) economic importance. Support is determined using a joint default analysis framework which considers an estimate of the likelihood of extraordinary support, an assessment of the credit quality of the supporting government, and default correlation between the two entities.GRIs without a BCA: In limited instances, it is not possible or meaningful to assign a BCA. The GRI is so inextricably linked to the government that a meaningful standalone BCA cannot be derived. In such cases, a top-down analytical approach is used that chiefly considers the ability and willingness of the government to provide timely support, instead of the usual bottom-up approach of starting with the BCA and then considering uplift towards the government's rating. Bright Food (Group) Co., Ltd. Hainan State Farms Investment Hldg Grp Co Ltd Korea Land and Housing Corporation Power Construction Corporation of China Shanghai Lingang Economic Dev. (Grp) Co., LtdThe principal methodology used for these rated entities was Homebuilding and Property Development Industry published in January 2018. Please see the Rating Methodologies page on www.moodys.com for a copy of this methodology.Key rating considerations on a forward-looking basis may include but are not limited to the following summarized below.Homebuilding and Property Development IndustryScale: Scale reflects size, market position and brand name. Being among the largest and leading players in numerous markets can provide better access to skilled subcontractors and bank financing, first choice among land deals, greater purchasing, and pricing power, while at the same time offering stronger staying power and better financial and operational flexibility during a downturn. Furthermore, large companies tend to have broad geographic coverage, which also offers them the benefits of geographic diversification. In high growth markets, large residential property developers tend to have apparent benefits over smaller players including easier access to bank financing and strong financial power to bid for land in good locations. Total Revenue is an indicator of scale.Business Profile: Business profile is considered, typically including an assessment of operating position, business and acquisition strategies, product mix, geographic diversity, execution ability, area of operation and product mix. Considerations may include business strategy; market position; product, price-point, and geographic diversity; inventory management; land strategy, including the percentage of owned vs. optioned land; degree of speculative construction vs. under contract; as well as use of off-balance sheet structures.Profitability and Efficiency: Profitability is an indicator of the success of the business and effectiveness of management as well as the company's ability to support operations and business growth. Profitability is estimated by gross margins that include interest charged to cost of goods sold and exclude land impairment charges so as to focus on current profitability and efficiency.Leverage and Coverage: Leverage and coverage is considered, as is sufficient financial flexibility to deal with market or regulatory developments which lead to shocks to their business and finances. Measures of leverage and coverage can include: EBIT-to-Interest, Revenue-to-Debt, and Debt-to-Total Capitalization.Financial Policy: Management and board tolerance for financial risk is considered, as it may affect debt levels and credit quality as well as the risk of adverse debt leverage movements. Financial policies provide a guide to the appetite of a company's governing board and management for risk and the likely future direction for the company's capital structure. Key issues include debt leverage, coverage and return targets, liquidity management, cash distributions to shareholders, and acquisition strategies.Other Considerations: Other considerations can include: regulatory, litigation, liquidity, technology, and reputational risk as well as changes to consumer and business spending patterns, competitor strategies, and macroeconomic trends. Korea Land and Housing Corporation Lendlease Group Shanghai Lingang Economic Dev. (Grp) Co., Ltd Sinochem Hong Kong (Group) Company LimitedThe principal methodology used for these rated entities was Gaming published in June 2021. Please see the Rating Methodologies page on www.moodys.com for a copy of this methodology.Key rating considerations on a forward-looking basis may include but are not limited to the following summarized below.GamingScale: Scale is considered because it is an indicator of the overall depth of a company's business and its success in attracting a variety of customers, as well as its resilience to shocks, such as sudden shifts in demand or rapid cost increases. Large-scale gaming companies tend to have greater market share and better access to capital compared with smaller-scale companies. Large companies may also benefit from economies of scale with respect to research and development expenses and corporate overhead. Companies with greater scale generally have lower earnings volatility relative to smaller companies because of the lower risk that a single customer can "take the house" for a large sum with a few significant bets. A larger scope of operations can reduce a company's reliance on a particular jurisdiction or market. In markets with high barriers to entry, scale may provide a competitive advantage. However, in many regional and local gaming markets, the competitive advantage gained by scale may not be as important because of already low competition. Revenue is an indicator of scale.Business Profile: The business profile of a gaming company is considered because it greatly influences its ability to generate sustainable earnings and operating cash flows. Core aspects of a gaming company's business profile are the characteristics of the markets in which it operates, including the regulatory environment; its market position; and its geographic and revenue diversification.Profitability and Efficiency: Profits are considered because they are needed to generate sustainable cash flow and maintain a competitive position, which includes investing in gaming facilities, technology, and marketing and rewards programs to attract customers. The ability to sustain high profitability is generally a strong indicator of operating efficiency and substantial competitive advantages. The gaming industry generally has had very high profitability relative to other sectors. EBIT Margin is an indicator of profitability.Leverage and Coverage: Leverage and cash flow coverage measures provide important indications of a gaming company's financial flexibility and long-term viability, as well as its ability to sustain its competitive position, invest in growth and meet debt service obligations. Indicators of leverage and coverage include ratios such as: Debt/EBITDA, EBIT/Interest Expense, and Retained Cash Flow/Net Debt.Financial Policy: Financial policy encompasses management and board tolerance for financial risk and commitment to a strong credit profile. It is an important rating determinant, because it directly affects debt levels, credit quality, the future direction for the company and the risk of adverse changes in financing and capital structure. Financial risk tolerance serves as a guidepost to investment and capital allocation. Liquidity management is an important aspect of overall risk management and can provide insight into risk tolerance.Other Rating Considerations: Other considerations may include but are not limited to: financial controls and the quality of financial reporting; corporate legal structure; the quality and experience of management; assessments of corporate governance as well as environmental and social considerations; exposure to uncertain licensing regimes; and possible government interference in some countries. Regulatory, litigation, liquidity, technology, and reputational risk as well as changes to consumer and business spending patterns, competitor strategies and macroeconomic trends are also considered. Crown Resorts Limited Genting Berhad Genting Overseas Holdings Limited Genting Singapore Limited Melco Resorts Finance Limited NagaCorp Ltd. SJM Holdings Limited Studio City Finance LimitedThe principal methodology used for these rated entities was Protein and Agriculture published in November 2021. Please see the Rating Methodologies page on www.moodys.com for a copy of this methodology.Key rating considerations on a forward-looking basis may include but are not limited to the following summarized below.Protein and AgricultureScale: Scale is an indicator of a company's revenue-generating capability and its resilience to shocks, such as sudden shifts in demand or rapid cost increases. Companies that are large in scale tend to have lower marginal costs, including those associated with manufacturing, sales force, distribution, and research and development. Larger companies also tend to have more bargaining power with purchasing organizations, customers, and suppliers. Revenue is an indicator of scale.Business Profile: The business profile of a protein or agriculture company greatly influences its ability to generate sustainable earnings and operating cash flows. We assess geographic diversification, segment diversification, market share, product portfolio profile and earnings stability.Leverage and Coverage: Leverage and cash flow coverage measures provide important indications of a protein or agriculture company's financial flexibility and long-term viability. Financial flexibility is critical to protein and agriculture companies because it indicates an ability to withstand commodity price volatility or product oversupply conditions. Relevant metrics for leverage and coverage include Debt/ EBITDA, Cash from Operations/ Debt, Debt/ Book Capitalization and EBITA/ Interest Expense.Financial Policy: Financial policy encompasses management and board tolerance for financial risk and commitment to a strong credit profile. It is an important rating determinant, because it directly affects debt levels, credit quality, the future direction for the company and the risk of adverse changes in financing and capital structure. Financial risk tolerance serves as a guidepost for investment and capital allocation. Liquidity management is an important aspect of overall risk management and can provide insight into risk tolerance.Other Rating Considerations: Other considerations include but are not limited to: financial controls and the quality of financial reporting; corporate legal structure; the quality and experience of management; assessments of corporate governance as well as environmental and social considerations; exposure to uncertain licensing regimes; and possible government interference in some countries. Regulatory, litigation, liquidity, technology, and reputational risk as well as changes to consumer and business spending patterns, competitor strategies and macroeconomic trends also affect ratings. Bright Food (Group) Co., Ltd. Hainan State Farms Investment Hldg Grp Co Ltd IOI Corporation Berhad Sawit Sumbermas Sarana Tbk (P.T.) Sime Darby Plantation Berhad Tunas Baru Lampung Tbk (P.T.)This announcement applies only to Rated Entities with EU rated, UK rated, EU endorsed and UK endorsed ratings. Rated Entities, with Non EU rated, non UK rated, non EU endorsed and non UK endorsed ratings may be referenced herein to the extent necessary, if they are part of the same analytical unit.Please see the Issuer page on www.moodys.com, for each of the ratings covered, most updated credit rating action, rating history, and Credit Rating action Press Release including the rating rationale and factors that could lead to a rating upgrade or downgrade.This publication does not announce a credit rating action. For any credit ratings referenced in this publication, please see the ratings tab on the issuer/entity page on www.moodys.com for the most updated credit rating action information and rating history. Releasing Office: Moody's Investors Service, Inc. 250 Greenwich Street New York, NY 10007 U.S.A. JOURNALISTS: 1 212 553 0376 Client Service: 1 212 553 1653 © 2022 Moody’s Corporation, Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., Moody’s Analytics, Inc. and/or their licensors and affiliates (collectively, “MOODY’S”). All rights reserved.CREDIT RATINGS ISSUED BY MOODY'S CREDIT RATINGS AFFILIATES ARE THEIR CURRENT OPINIONS OF THE RELATIVE FUTURE CREDIT RISK OF ENTITIES, CREDIT COMMITMENTS, OR DEBT OR DEBT-LIKE SECURITIES, AND MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, SERVICES AND INFORMATION PUBLISHED BY MOODY’S (COLLECTIVELY, “PUBLICATIONS”) MAY INCLUDE SUCH CURRENT OPINIONS. MOODY’S DEFINES CREDIT RISK AS THE RISK THAT AN ENTITY MAY NOT MEET ITS CONTRACTUAL FINANCIAL OBLIGATIONS AS THEY COME DUE AND ANY ESTIMATED FINANCIAL LOSS IN THE EVENT OF DEFAULT OR IMPAIRMENT. SEE APPLICABLE MOODY’S RATING SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS PUBLICATION FOR INFORMATION ON THE TYPES OF CONTRACTUAL FINANCIAL OBLIGATIONS ADDRESSED BY MOODY’S CREDIT RATINGS. CREDIT RATINGS DO NOT ADDRESS ANY OTHER RISK, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO: LIQUIDITY RISK, MARKET VALUE RISK, OR PRICE VOLATILITY. CREDIT RATINGS, NON-CREDIT ASSESSMENTS (“ASSESSMENTS”), AND OTHER OPINIONS INCLUDED IN MOODY’S PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT STATEMENTS OF CURRENT OR HISTORICAL FACT. MOODY’S PUBLICATIONS MAY ALSO INCLUDE QUANTITATIVE MODEL-BASED ESTIMATES OF CREDIT RISK AND RELATED OPINIONS OR COMMENTARY PUBLISHED BY MOODY’S ANALYTICS, INC. AND/OR ITS AFFILIATES. MOODY’S CREDIT RATINGS, ASSESSMENTS, OTHER OPINIONS AND PUBLICATIONS DO NOT CONSTITUTE OR PROVIDE INVESTMENT OR FINANCIAL ADVICE, AND MOODY’S CREDIT RATINGS, ASSESSMENTS, OTHER OPINIONS AND PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AND DO NOT PROVIDE RECOMMENDATIONS TO PURCHASE, SELL, OR HOLD PARTICULAR SECURITIES. MOODY’S CREDIT RATINGS, ASSESSMENTS, OTHER OPINIONS AND PUBLICATIONS DO NOT COMMENT ON THE SUITABILITY OF AN INVESTMENT FOR ANY PARTICULAR INVESTOR. MOODY’S ISSUES ITS CREDIT RATINGS, ASSESSMENTS AND OTHER OPINIONS AND PUBLISHES ITS PUBLICATIONS WITH THE EXPECTATION AND UNDERSTANDING THAT EACH INVESTOR WILL, WITH DUE CARE, MAKE ITS OWN STUDY AND EVALUATION OF EACH SECURITY THAT IS UNDER CONSIDERATION FOR PURCHASE, HOLDING, OR SALE.MOODY’S CREDIT RATINGS, ASSESSMENTS, OTHER OPINIONS, AND PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT INTENDED FOR USE BY RETAIL INVESTORS AND IT WOULD BE RECKLESS AND INAPPROPRIATE FOR RETAIL INVESTORS TO USE MOODY’S CREDIT RATINGS, ASSESSMENTS, OTHER OPINIONS OR PUBLICATIONS WHEN MAKING AN INVESTMENT DECISION. IF IN DOUBT YOU SHOULD CONTACT YOUR FINANCIAL OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL ADVISER.ALL INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IS PROTECTED BY LAW, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, COPYRIGHT LAW, AND NONE OF SUCH INFORMATION MAY BE COPIED OR OTHERWISE REPRODUCED, REPACKAGED, FURTHER TRANSMITTED, TRANSFERRED, DISSEMINATED, REDISTRIBUTED OR RESOLD, OR STORED FOR SUBSEQUENT USE FOR ANY SUCH PURPOSE, IN WHOLE OR IN PART, IN ANY FORM OR MANNER OR BY ANY MEANS WHATSOEVER, BY ANY PERSON WITHOUT MOODY’S PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT.MOODY’S CREDIT RATINGS, ASSESSMENTS, OTHER OPINIONS AND PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT INTENDED FOR USE BY ANY PERSON AS A BENCHMARK AS THAT TERM IS DEFINED FOR REGULATORY PURPOSES AND MUST NOT BE USED IN ANY WAY THAT COULD RESULT IN THEM BEING CONSIDERED A BENCHMARK.All information contained herein is obtained by MOODY’S from sources believed by it to be accurate and reliable. Because of the possibility of human or mechanical error as well as other factors, however, all information contained herein is provided “AS IS” without warranty of any kind. MOODY'S adopts all necessary measures so that the information it uses in assigning a credit rating is of sufficient quality and from sources MOODY'S considers to be reliable including, when appropriate, independent third-party sources. However, MOODY’S is not an auditor and cannot in every instance independently verify or validate information received in the rating process or in preparing its Publications.To the extent permitted by law, MOODY’S and its directors, officers, employees, agents, representatives, licensors and suppliers disclaim liability to any person or entity for any indirect, special, consequential, or incidental losses or damages whatsoever arising from or in connection with the information contained herein or the use of or inability to use any such information, even if MOODY’S or any of its directors, officers, employees, agents, representatives, licensors or suppliers is advised in advance of the possibility of such losses or damages, including but not limited to: (a) any loss of present or prospective profits or (b) any loss or damage arising where the relevant financial instrument is not the subject of a particular credit rating assigned by MOODY’S.To the extent permitted by law, MOODY’S and its directors, officers, employees, agents, representatives, licensors and suppliers disclaim liability for any direct or compensatory losses or damages caused to any person or entity, including but not limited to by any negligence (but excluding fraud, willful misconduct or any other type of liability that, for the avoidance of doubt, by law cannot be excluded) on the part of, or any contingency within or beyond the control of, MOODY’S or any of its directors, officers, employees, agents, representatives, licensors or suppliers, arising from or in connection with the information contained herein or the use of or inability to use any such information.NO WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AS TO THE ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, COMPLETENESS, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OF ANY CREDIT RATING, ASSESSMENT, OTHER OPINION OR INFORMATION IS GIVEN OR MADE BY MOODY’S IN ANY FORM OR MANNER WHATSOEVER.Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., a wholly-owned credit rating agency subsidiary of Moody’s Corporation (“MCO”), hereby discloses that most issuers of debt securities (including corporate and municipal bonds, debentures, notes and commercial paper) and preferred stock rated by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. have, prior to assignment of any credit rating, agreed to pay to Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. for credit ratings opinions and services rendered by it fees ranging from $1,000 to approximately $5,000,000. MCO and Moody’s Investors Service also maintain policies and procedures to address the independence of Moody’s Investors Service credit ratings and credit rating processes. Information regarding certain affiliations that may exist between directors of MCO and rated entities, and between entities who hold credit ratings from Moody’s Investors Service and have also publicly reported to the SEC an ownership interest in MCO of more than 5%, is posted annually at www.moodys.com under the heading “Investor Relations — Corporate Governance — Director and Shareholder Affiliation Policy.”Additional terms for Australia only: Any publication into Australia of this document is pursuant to the Australian Financial Services License of MOODY’S affiliate, Moody’s Investors Service Pty Limited ABN 61 003 399 657AFSL 336969 and/or Moody’s Analytics Australia Pty Ltd ABN 94 105 136 972 AFSL 383569 (as applicable). This document is intended to be provided only to “wholesale clients” within the meaning of section 761G of the Corporations Act 2001. By continuing to access this document from within Australia, you represent to MOODY’S that you are, or are accessing the document as a representative of, a “wholesale client” and that neither you nor the entity you represent will directly or indirectly disseminate this document or its contents to “retail clients” within the meaning of section 761G of the Corporations Act 2001. MOODY’S credit rating is an opinion as to the creditworthiness of a debt obligation of the issuer, not on the equity securities of the issuer or any form of security that is available to retail investors.Additional terms for Japan only: Moody's Japan K.K. (“MJKK”) is a wholly-owned credit rating agency subsidiary of Moody's Group Japan G.K., which is wholly-owned by Moody’s Overseas Holdings Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of MCO. Moody’s SF Japan K.K. (“MSFJ”) is a wholly-owned credit rating agency subsidiary of MJKK. MSFJ is not a Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (“NRSRO”). Therefore, credit ratings assigned by MSFJ are Non-NRSRO Credit Ratings. Non-NRSRO Credit Ratings are assigned by an entity that is not a NRSRO and, consequently, the rated obligation will not qualify for certain types of treatment under U.S. laws. MJKK and MSFJ are credit rating agencies registered with the Japan Financial Services Agency and their registration numbers are FSA Commissioner (Ratings) No. 2 and 3 respectively.MJKK or MSFJ (as applicable) hereby disclose that most issuers of debt securities (including corporate and municipal bonds, debentures, notes and commercial paper) and preferred stock rated by MJKK or MSFJ (as applicable) have, prior to assignment of any credit rating, agreed to pay to MJKK or MSFJ (as applicable) for credit ratings opinions and services rendered by it fees ranging from JPY100,000 to approximately JPY550,000,000.MJKK and MSFJ also maintain policies and procedures to address Japanese regulatory requirements.